Functional connectivity predicts age group

This example compares different kinds of functional connectivity: correlation, partial correlation, and tangent space embedding. The resulting connectivity coefficients are then used to classify participants by age group; i.e., children or adults.

This is a small example to showcase Nilearn features; see Dadi et al.[1] for a careful study.

Load brain development fMRI dataset

To save computation time, we will use only a subset of subjects from the fetch_development_fmri dataset.

from nilearn.datasets import fetch_atlas_msdl, fetch_development_fmri

development_dataset = fetch_development_fmri(n_subjects=60)

[fetch_development_fmri] Dataset directory found: /home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri

Load Multi-Subject Dictionary Learning (MSDL) atlas and extract time series

We use probabilistic regions of interest (ROIs) defined using the fetch_atlas_msdl atlas.

We then use the MultiNiftiMapsMasker object to extract time series from the pre-defined ROIs for each subject. We could instead do this iteratively for each subject using NiftiMapsMasker objects, but MultiNiftiMapsMasker allows to extract time series for all subjects in a single step.

from nilearn.maskers import MultiNiftiMapsMasker

msdl_data = fetch_atlas_msdl()

masker = MultiNiftiMapsMasker(
    msdl_data.maps,
    resampling_target="data",
    t_r=development_dataset.t_r,
    detrend=True,
    low_pass=0.1,
    high_pass=0.01,
    memory="nilearn_cache",
    memory_level=1,
    standardize_confounds=True,
    standardize="zscore_sample",
    verbose=1,
)
masked_data = masker.fit_transform(
    development_dataset.func, confounds=development_dataset.confounds
)

[fetch_atlas_msdl] Dataset directory found: /home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from [
 sub-pixar135_task-...,
         ...
 sub-pixar030_task-...,
]
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading regions from .../msdl_rois.nii
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Resampling regions
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Finished fit
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf61f0f6d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar135_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf61f0f6d0>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf62292650>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar135_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf61f0f6d0>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 1.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 1.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf659e2090>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar123_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65e06350>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar124_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65a241d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar125_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.2s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65e04510>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar126_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf61f0fc10>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar127_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65a24690>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar134_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65a24690>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf65a259d0>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar134_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65a24690>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf197e10d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar129_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf197e10d0>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf197e2e50>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar129_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf197e10d0>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65a240d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar130_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65a240d0>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf58b12050>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar130_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65a240d0>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf59a43110>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar131_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf59a43110>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf59a42e50>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar131_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf59a43110>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf61f0e310>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar132_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf61f0e310>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf5779fd50>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar132_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf61f0e310>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65e07650>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar133_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65e07650>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf62291ed0>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar133_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65e07650>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65c76350>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar128_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65befa90>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar032_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65befa90>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf65bef950>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar032_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65befa90>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf620b87d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar033_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf620b87d0>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf197e1f10>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar033_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf620b87d0>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65c76c50>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar034_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65c76c50>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf65bef2d0>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar034_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65c76c50>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf58df5d10>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar035_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf58df5d10>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf5779f6d0>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar035_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf58df5d10>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65c75750>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar036_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65c75750>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf65c75b10>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar036_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65c75750>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf620ba650>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar037_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf620ba650>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf15072b90>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar037_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf620ba650>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65e04850>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar038_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65e04850>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf3f58a610>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar038_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65e04850>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf5779f6d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar041_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf5779f6d0>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf5779fd50>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar041_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf5779f6d0>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf59a40c10>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar040_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf59a40c10>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf15073bd0>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar040_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf59a40c10>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf0a97d310>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar042_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf0a97d310>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf65e06ad0>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar042_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf0a97d310>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65c77450>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar043_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65c77450>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf3f5a1210>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar043_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65c77450>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf0a97ebd0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar044_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf0a97ebd0>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf65bed550>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar044_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf0a97ebd0>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf1973ba10>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar031_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf1973ba10>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf62290bd0>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar031_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf1973ba10>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf0a97fc10>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar046_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf0a97fc10>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf5779e350>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar046_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf0a97fc10>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf19739950>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar047_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf19739950>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf3597ca50>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar047_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf19739950>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf6188f750>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar039_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf6188f750>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf0a97d950>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar039_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf6188f750>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf19738e50>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar045_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf19738e50>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf65e06950>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar045_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf19738e50>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf0a97dc50>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar001_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf61f0f910>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar028_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf61f0f910>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf61f0f090>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar028_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf61f0f910>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65c74150>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar002_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf6188c590>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar003_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf6188df90>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar004_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65c74a50>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar005_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65c762d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar006_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf58df7050>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar007_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65a25790>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar008_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf6188c590>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar009_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf6188e990>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar010_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65a25790>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar011_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65c76a10>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar012_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf58df52d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar013_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf6188c590>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar029_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf6188c590>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf58df5c50>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar029_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf6188c590>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf61f0fe10>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar014_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf62293d50>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar016_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf15070790>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar017_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf620ba150>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar018_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf65e07490>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar019_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf61f0dad0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar020_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf62290dd0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar021_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf62292910>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar022_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf197e3d90>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar023_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf0a97ffd0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar024_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf197e27d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar025_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf197e27d0>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf65e05cd0>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar025_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf197e27d0>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf19738810>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar026_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf19738810>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf19738910>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar026_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf19738810>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf0a97d990>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar027_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf0a97d990>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf65e04450>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar027_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf0a97d990>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf1973a590>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar015_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf19738890>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar030_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf19738890>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7fcf5779c310>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar030_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7fcf19738890>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min

What kind of connectivity is most powerful for classification?

We will next define connectivity matrices using ConnectivityMeasure so that we can use each matrix as features in our classification analysis. Since our goal is to compare different kinds of connectivity, we will define three different kinds of connectivity matrices, (i.e., “correlation”, “partial correlation”, “tangent”) using the kind parameter.

To do this, we will use a scikit-learn Pipeline to combine the connectivity measure and the classifier into a single object. Specifically, we will create a composite estimator with ConnectivityMeasure and sklearn.model_selection.GridSearchCV to perform a grid search over the C regularization parameter for our classifier, a sklearn.svm.LinearSVC.

# prepare the classification pipeline
from sklearn.dummy import DummyClassifier
from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
from sklearn.svm import LinearSVC

from nilearn.connectome import ConnectivityMeasure

kinds = ["correlation", "partial correlation", "tangent"]

pipe = Pipeline(
    [
        (
            "connectivity",
            ConnectivityMeasure(
                vectorize=True,
            ),
        ),
        (
            "classifier",
            GridSearchCV(
                LinearSVC(dual=True, random_state=0),
                {"C": [0.1, 1.0, 10.0]},
                cv=5,
            ),
        ),
    ]
)

param_grid = [
    {"classifier": [DummyClassifier(strategy="most_frequent")]},
    {"connectivity__kind": kinds},
]

Rather than evaluating on the whole sample of 60 subjects, we want to cross-validate our model. We can directly pass the Pipeline object we defined above to a cross-validation estimator.

Given the unbalanced sampling of age groups in fetch_development_fmri, we will use stratified cross-validation to preserve the proportion of each age group in the training and testing sets. We will define 30 random, stratified splits of the subjects into training and testing sets, using sklearn.model_selection.StratifiedShuffleSplit.

from sklearn.model_selection import StratifiedShuffleSplit
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder

groups = development_dataset.phenotypic["Child_Adult"].to_list()
classes = LabelEncoder().fit_transform(groups)

cv = StratifiedShuffleSplit(n_splits=30, random_state=0, test_size=10)
gs = GridSearchCV(
    pipe,
    param_grid,
    scoring="accuracy",
    cv=cv,
    refit=False,
    n_jobs=2,
)
gs.fit(masked_data, classes)
mean_scores = gs.cv_results_["mean_test_score"]
scores_std = gs.cv_results_["std_test_score"]

Finally, we display the classification accuracy results:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.figure(figsize=(6, 4), constrained_layout=True)

positions = [0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4]
plt.barh(positions, mean_scores, align="center", height=0.05, xerr=scores_std)
yticks = ["dummy", *list(gs.cv_results_["param_connectivity__kind"].data[1:])]
yticks = [t.replace(" ", "\n") for t in yticks]
plt.yticks(positions, yticks)
plt.xlabel("Classification accuracy")
plt.gca().grid(True)
plt.gca().set_axisbelow(True)

This is a small example to showcase Nilearn features. In practice, such comparisons need to be performed on much larger cohorts and replicated across several datasets. Dadi et al.[1] showed that across many cohorts and clinical questions, tangent functional connectivity should be preferred.

plt.show()

References

[1] (1,2)

Kamalaker Dadi, Mehdi Rahim, Alexandre Abraham, Darya Chyzhyk, Michael Milham, Bertrand Thirion, and Gaël Varoquaux. Benchmarking functional connectome-based predictive models for resting-state fmri. NeuroImage, 192:115–134, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.02.062.

Estimated memory usage: 12225 MB