Functional connectivity predicts age group

This example compares different kinds of functional connectivity: correlation, partial correlation, and tangent space embedding. The resulting connectivity coefficients are then used to classify participants by age group; i.e., children or adults.

This is a small example to showcase Nilearn features; see Dadi et al.[1] for a careful study.

dataset

This example uses:

• the probabilistic regions of interest (ROIs) defined in the MSDL atlas,

• a subset of subjects from the development fMRI dataset to save computation time.

Load brain development fMRI dataset

from nilearn.datasets import fetch_development_fmri

development_dataset = fetch_development_fmri(n_subjects=60)

[fetch_development_fmri] Dataset directory found: /home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri

Load Multi-Subject Dictionary Learning (MSDL) atlas and extract time series

We fetch the atlas with the fetch_atlas_msdl atlas.

We then use the MultiNiftiMapsMasker object to extract time series from the pre-defined ROIs for each subject. We could instead do this iteratively for each subject using NiftiMapsMasker objects, but MultiNiftiMapsMasker allows to extract time series for all subjects in a single step.

from nilearn.datasets import fetch_atlas_msdl
from nilearn.maskers import MultiNiftiMapsMasker

msdl_data = fetch_atlas_msdl()

masker = MultiNiftiMapsMasker(
    msdl_data.maps,
    resampling_target="data",
    t_r=development_dataset.t_r,
    detrend=True,
    low_pass=0.1,
    high_pass=0.01,
    memory="nilearn_cache",
    memory_level=1,
    standardize_confounds=True,
    standardize="zscore_sample",
    verbose=1,
)
masked_data = masker.fit_transform(
    development_dataset.func, confounds=development_dataset.confounds
)

[fetch_atlas_msdl] Dataset directory found: /home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from [
 sub-pixar135_task-...,
         ...
 sub-pixar030_task-...,
]
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading regions from .../msdl_rois.nii
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Resampling regions
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Finished fit
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72031ead84d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar135_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72031ead84d0>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x72037036dc90>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar135_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72031ead84d0>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 1.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 1.8s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72036ff29c10>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar123_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x720359f2ac50>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar124_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x720370149dd0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar125_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203581c62d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar126_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72034a81b550>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar127_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x720359f29950>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar134_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x720359f29950>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x72031ea88b90>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar134_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x720359f29950>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72036fbdab50>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar129_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72036fbdab50>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x72036fbdbc10>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar129_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72036fbdab50>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203206e7790>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar130_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203206e7790>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x720370384850>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar130_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203206e7790>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 1.0s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72036fbdb390>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar131_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72036fbdb390>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x72037160f710>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar131_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72036fbdb390>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 1.0s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72037036fe50>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar132_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72037036fe50>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x720344948d50>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar132_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72037036fe50>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203581c6fd0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar133_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203581c6fd0>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x720370387410>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar133_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203581c6fd0>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72034a752590>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar128_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72037014a690>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar032_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72037014a690>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7203581c5050>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar032_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72037014a690>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 1.0s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72036fbd8090>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar033_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72036fbd8090>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x72037007b810>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar033_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72036fbd8090>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 1.0s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x720370148150>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar034_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x720370148150>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x72036fc639d0>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar034_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x720370148150>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 1.0s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72037036ca10>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar035_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72037036ca10>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7203701496d0>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar035_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72037036ca10>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 1.0s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203581c4690>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar036_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203581c4690>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x72034a87e890>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar036_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203581c4690>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 1.0s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203206e5810>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar037_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203206e5810>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x720358c533d0>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar037_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203206e5810>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 1.0s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x720344948ed0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar038_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x720344948ed0>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x72031c099950>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar038_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x720344948ed0>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72034a753bd0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar041_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72034a753bd0>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x72034a752590>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar041_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72034a753bd0>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 1.0s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x720359f2b410>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar040_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x720359f2b410>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x72037170d710>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar040_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x720359f2b410>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 1.0s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203206e5d90>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar042_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203206e5d90>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x72034a752550>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar042_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203206e5d90>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.9s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 1.0s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72034a818b10>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar043_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72034a818b10>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x720359f29a90>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar043_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72034a818b10>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.9s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 1.0s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x720359e94390>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar044_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x720359e94390>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x720371ab4710>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar044_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x720359e94390>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 1.0s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203482d1350>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar031_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203482d1350>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7203581c4690>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar031_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203482d1350>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.9s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 1.0s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72036f6db950>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar046_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72036f6db950>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x72031eadbe90>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar046_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72036f6db950>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.9s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 1.0s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203482d1b90>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar047_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203482d1b90>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x72037036dc90>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar047_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203482d1b90>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72036fbdbe90>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar039_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72036fbdbe90>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x720313d25990>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar039_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72036fbdbe90>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 1.0s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72036fc315d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar045_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72036fc315d0>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x72036fc30e50>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar045_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72036fc315d0>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 1.0s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72034494b110>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar001_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72037036ecd0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar028_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72037036ecd0>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x72037036dc90>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar028_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72037036ecd0>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 1.0s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72031c09a950>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar002_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x720371ab4390>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar003_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72036fc33790>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar004_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72037036ddd0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar005_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72036fc330d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar006_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203482d2a90>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar007_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72037036c150>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar008_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72036fc31150>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar009_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72037036c2d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar010_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72036fc32050>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar011_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203482d2490>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar012_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72031c09af90>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar013_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203482d3510>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar029_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203482d3510>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x720371ab4710>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar029_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203482d3510>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.9s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 1.0s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72031ae182d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar014_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72036fc33fd0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar016_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x720359f29410>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar017_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x720359f28610>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar018_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72031ae1a410>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar019_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x720359f289d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar020_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x720359f29090>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar021_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72036fc32f90>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar022_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x720359f295d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar023_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72036fc33fd0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar024_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72031ae1b850>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar025_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72031ae1b850>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x720371ab4390>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar025_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72031ae1b850>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 1.0s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x720359e946d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar026_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x720359e946d0>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x72034a6a5b10>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar026_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x720359e946d0>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72037170ccd0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar027_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72037170ccd0>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7203715f9b10>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar027_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72037170ccd0>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 1.0s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7203482d3e90>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar015_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72037170ccd0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar030_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72037170ccd0>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x72036f6d9310>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar030_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x72037170ccd0>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 1.0s, 0.0min

What kind of connectivity is most powerful for classification?

We will next define connectivity matrices using ConnectivityMeasure so that we can use each matrix as features in our classification analysis. Since our goal is to compare different kinds of connectivity, we will define three different kinds of connectivity matrices, (i.e., “correlation”, “partial correlation”, “tangent”) using the kind parameter.

To do this, we will use a scikit-learn Pipeline to combine the connectivity measure and the classifier into a single object. Specifically, we will create a composite estimator with ConnectivityMeasure and sklearn.model_selection.GridSearchCV to perform a grid search over the C regularization parameter for our classifier, a sklearn.svm.LinearSVC.

# prepare the classification pipeline
from sklearn.dummy import DummyClassifier
from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
from sklearn.svm import LinearSVC

from nilearn.connectome import ConnectivityMeasure

kinds = ["correlation", "partial correlation", "tangent"]

pipe = Pipeline(
    [
        (
            "connectivity",
            ConnectivityMeasure(
                vectorize=True,
            ),
        ),
        (
            "classifier",
            GridSearchCV(
                LinearSVC(dual=True, random_state=0),
                {"C": [0.1, 1.0, 10.0]},
                cv=5,
            ),
        ),
    ]
)

param_grid = [
    {"classifier": [DummyClassifier(strategy="most_frequent")]},
    {"connectivity__kind": kinds},
]

Rather than evaluating on the whole sample of 60 subjects, we want to cross-validate our model. We can directly pass the Pipeline object we defined above to a cross-validation estimator.

Given the unbalanced sampling of age groups in fetch_development_fmri, we will use stratified cross-validation to preserve the proportion of each age group in the training and testing sets. We will define 30 random, stratified splits of the subjects into training and testing sets, using sklearn.model_selection.StratifiedShuffleSplit.

from sklearn.model_selection import StratifiedShuffleSplit
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder

groups = development_dataset.phenotypic["Child_Adult"].to_list()
classes = LabelEncoder().fit_transform(groups)

cv = StratifiedShuffleSplit(n_splits=30, random_state=0, test_size=10)
gs = GridSearchCV(
    pipe,
    param_grid,
    scoring="accuracy",
    cv=cv,
    refit=False,
    n_jobs=2,
)
gs.fit(masked_data, classes)
mean_scores = gs.cv_results_["mean_test_score"]
scores_std = gs.cv_results_["std_test_score"]

Finally, we display the classification accuracy results:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.figure(figsize=(6, 4), constrained_layout=True)

positions = [0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4]
plt.barh(positions, mean_scores, align="center", height=0.05, xerr=scores_std)
yticks = ["dummy", *list(gs.cv_results_["param_connectivity__kind"].data[1:])]
yticks = [t.replace(" ", "\n") for t in yticks]
plt.yticks(positions, yticks)
plt.xlabel("Classification accuracy")
plt.gca().grid(True)
plt.gca().set_axisbelow(True)

This is a small example to showcase Nilearn features. In practice, such comparisons need to be performed on much larger cohorts and replicated across several datasets. Dadi et al.[1] showed that across many cohorts and clinical questions, tangent functional connectivity should be preferred.

plt.show()

References

[1] (1,2)

Kamalaker Dadi, Mehdi Rahim, Alexandre Abraham, Darya Chyzhyk, Michael Milham, Bertrand Thirion, and Gaël Varoquaux. Benchmarking functional connectome-based predictive models for resting-state fmri. NeuroImage, 192:115–134, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.02.062.

Estimated memory usage: 12256 MB