Functional connectivity predicts age group

This example compares different kinds of functional connectivity: correlation, partial correlation, and tangent space embedding. The resulting connectivity coefficients are then used to classify participants by age group; i.e., children or adults.

This is a small example to showcase Nilearn features; see Dadi et al.[1] for a careful study.

Load brain development fMRI dataset

To save computation time, we will use only a subset of subjects from the fetch_development_fmri dataset.

from nilearn.datasets import fetch_atlas_msdl, fetch_development_fmri

development_dataset = fetch_development_fmri(n_subjects=60)

[fetch_development_fmri] Dataset directory found: /home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri

Load Multi-Subject Dictionary Learning (MSDL) atlas and extract time series

We use probabilistic regions of interest (ROIs) defined using the fetch_atlas_msdl atlas.

We then use the MultiNiftiMapsMasker object to extract time series from the pre-defined ROIs for each subject. We could instead do this iteratively for each subject using NiftiMapsMasker objects, but MultiNiftiMapsMasker allows to extract time series for all subjects in a single step.

from nilearn.maskers import MultiNiftiMapsMasker

msdl_data = fetch_atlas_msdl()

masker = MultiNiftiMapsMasker(
    msdl_data.maps,
    resampling_target="data",
    t_r=development_dataset.t_r,
    detrend=True,
    low_pass=0.1,
    high_pass=0.01,
    memory="nilearn_cache",
    memory_level=1,
    standardize_confounds=True,
    standardize="zscore_sample",
    verbose=1,
)
masked_data = masker.fit_transform(
    development_dataset.func, confounds=development_dataset.confounds
)

[fetch_atlas_msdl] Dataset directory found: /home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from [
 sub-pixar135_task-...,
         ...
 sub-pixar030_task-...,
]
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading regions from .../msdl_rois.nii
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Resampling regions
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Finished fit
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c5c5350>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar135_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c5c5350>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff945a2cc10>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar135_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c5c5350>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 1.6s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 1.8s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c11f410>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar123_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c11cf50>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar124_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c11d150>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar125_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c11c910>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar126_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c5c4650>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar127_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff9143f73d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar134_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff9143f73d0>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff96c2d3590>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar134_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff9143f73d0>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c4e1ed0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar129_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c4e1ed0>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff95ec2ca90>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar129_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c4e1ed0>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff945a2d2d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar130_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff945a2d2d0>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff94594a910>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar130_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff945a2d2d0>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff94430d5d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar131_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff94430d5d0>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff914a5c150>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar131_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff94430d5d0>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c5c5390>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar132_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c5c5390>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff91543c150>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar132_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c5c5390>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c11f510>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar133_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c11f510>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff95ebc2e50>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar133_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c11f510>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff91774dc50>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar128_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff95e9cf110>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar032_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff95e9cf110>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff95e9cded0>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar032_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff95e9cf110>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c2d3250>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar033_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c2d3250>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff96c2d1a50>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar033_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c2d3250>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff91774e7d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar034_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff91774e7d0>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff96c724c90>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar034_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff91774e7d0>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c4e15d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar035_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c4e15d0>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff912fb7210>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar035_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c4e15d0>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff91774df10>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar036_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff91774df10>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff95e9cf090>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar036_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff91774df10>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff9143f7650>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar037_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff9143f7650>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff9456ed190>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar037_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff9143f7650>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c5c4c10>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar038_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c5c4c10>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff95ef1b7d0>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar038_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c5c4c10>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c2d1850>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar041_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c2d1850>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff96c2d11d0>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar041_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c2d1850>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff95e9ce310>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar040_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff95e9ce310>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff94430da50>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar040_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff95e9ce310>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff94594a910>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar042_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff94594a910>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff912fb4550>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar042_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff94594a910>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff915851b90>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar043_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff915851b90>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff914f50dd0>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar043_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff915851b90>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff94430c7d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar044_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff94430c7d0>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff914f50dd0>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar044_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff94430c7d0>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff968393150>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar031_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff968393150>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff96c11f450>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar031_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff968393150>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c5c4590>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar046_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c5c4590>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff9456ed190>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar046_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c5c4590>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff945850290>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar047_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff945850290>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff9143f4410>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar047_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff945850290>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff9143f64d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar039_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff9143f64d0>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff96c5c5c50>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar039_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff9143f64d0>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff95eaa2d50>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar045_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff95eaa2d50>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff95eaa24d0>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar045_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff95eaa2d50>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff91f4aa210>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar001_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c5c59d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar028_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c5c59d0>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff9158531d0>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar028_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c5c59d0>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff95eaa1c50>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar002_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff95eaa2d50>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar003_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff945853dd0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar004_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff9458534d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar005_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff95eaa01d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar006_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c11f510>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar007_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c5c7490>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar008_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff91774d810>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar009_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c5c7a50>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar010_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff95eaa1c50>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar011_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff9143f4e90>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar012_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c5c7190>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar013_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff95eaa0890>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar029_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff95eaa0890>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff9143f5e90>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar029_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff95eaa0890>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c5c6910>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar014_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff91f4abd50>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar016_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff91f4a8d90>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar017_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff94430f6d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar018_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff95e9cfe50>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar019_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff91f4a9c50>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar020_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff95e9cf450>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar021_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff968392090>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar022_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff94430cd10>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar023_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff95eaa02d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar024_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff968392090>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar025_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff968392090>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff94430ea10>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar025_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff968392090>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff91774d6d0>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar026_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff91774d6d0>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff91774f090>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar026_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff91774d6d0>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c5c5110>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar027_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c5c5110>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff94430cdd0>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar027_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c5c5110>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.8s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff96c2d0390>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar015_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.1s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker.NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs...
transform_single_imgs(imgs=<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff912fb5710>, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar030_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None)
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker.filter_and_extract...
filter_and_extract(<nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff912fb5710>, <nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7ff96c11ecd0>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_args': None,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'cmap': 'CMRmap_r',
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': False,
  'low_pass': 0.1,
  'maps_img': '/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': True,
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': None,
  'target_shape': None}, confounds='/home/runner/work/nilearn/nilearn/nilearn_data/development_fmri/sub-pixar030_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv', sample_mask=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=1, sklearn_output_config=None)
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Loading data from <nibabel.nifti1.Nifti1Image object at 0x7ff912fb5710>
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Extracting region signals
[MultiNiftiMapsMasker.fit_transform] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 0.7s, 0.0min
____________________________________________transform_single_imgs - 0.9s, 0.0min

What kind of connectivity is most powerful for classification?

We will next define connectivity matrices using ConnectivityMeasure so that we can use each matrix as features in our classification analysis. Since our goal is to compare different kinds of connectivity, we will define three different kinds of connectivity matrices, (i.e., “correlation”, “partial correlation”, “tangent”) using the kind parameter.

To do this, we will use a scikit-learn Pipeline to combine the connectivity measure and the classifier into a single object. Specifically, we will create a composite estimator with ConnectivityMeasure and sklearn.model_selection.GridSearchCV to perform a grid search over the C regularization parameter for our classifier, a sklearn.svm.LinearSVC.

# prepare the classification pipeline
from sklearn.dummy import DummyClassifier
from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
from sklearn.svm import LinearSVC

from nilearn.connectome import ConnectivityMeasure

kinds = ["correlation", "partial correlation", "tangent"]

pipe = Pipeline(
    [
        (
            "connectivity",
            ConnectivityMeasure(
                vectorize=True,
            ),
        ),
        (
            "classifier",
            GridSearchCV(
                LinearSVC(dual=True, random_state=0),
                {"C": [0.1, 1.0, 10.0]},
                cv=5,
            ),
        ),
    ]
)

param_grid = [
    {"classifier": [DummyClassifier(strategy="most_frequent")]},
    {"connectivity__kind": kinds},
]

Rather than evaluating on the whole sample of 60 subjects, we want to cross-validate our model. We can directly pass the Pipeline object we defined above to a cross-validation estimator.

Given the unbalanced sampling of age groups in fetch_development_fmri, we will use stratified cross-validation to preserve the proportion of each age group in the training and testing sets. We will define 30 random, stratified splits of the subjects into training and testing sets, using sklearn.model_selection.StratifiedShuffleSplit.

from sklearn.model_selection import StratifiedShuffleSplit
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder

groups = development_dataset.phenotypic["Child_Adult"].to_list()
classes = LabelEncoder().fit_transform(groups)

cv = StratifiedShuffleSplit(n_splits=30, random_state=0, test_size=10)
gs = GridSearchCV(
    pipe,
    param_grid,
    scoring="accuracy",
    cv=cv,
    refit=False,
    n_jobs=2,
)
gs.fit(masked_data, classes)
mean_scores = gs.cv_results_["mean_test_score"]
scores_std = gs.cv_results_["std_test_score"]

Finally, we display the classification accuracy results:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.figure(figsize=(6, 4), constrained_layout=True)

positions = [0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4]
plt.barh(positions, mean_scores, align="center", height=0.05, xerr=scores_std)
yticks = ["dummy", *list(gs.cv_results_["param_connectivity__kind"].data[1:])]
yticks = [t.replace(" ", "\n") for t in yticks]
plt.yticks(positions, yticks)
plt.xlabel("Classification accuracy")
plt.gca().grid(True)
plt.gca().set_axisbelow(True)

This is a small example to showcase Nilearn features. In practice, such comparisons need to be performed on much larger cohorts and replicated across several datasets. Dadi et al.[1] showed that across many cohorts and clinical questions, tangent functional connectivity should be preferred.

plt.show()

References

[1] (1,2)

Kamalaker Dadi, Mehdi Rahim, Alexandre Abraham, Darya Chyzhyk, Michael Milham, Bertrand Thirion, and Gaël Varoquaux. Benchmarking functional connectome-based predictive models for resting-state fmri. NeuroImage, 192:115–134, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.02.062.

Estimated memory usage: 12182 MB