Group Sparse inverse covariance for multi-subject connectome#

This example shows how to estimate a connectome on a group of subjects using the group sparse inverse covariance estimate.

Note

If you are using Nilearn with a version older than 0.9.0, then you should either upgrade your version or import maskers from the input_data module instead of the maskers module.

That is, you should manually replace in the following example all occurrences of:

from nilearn.maskers import NiftiMasker

with:

from nilearn.input_data import NiftiMasker
import numpy as np

from nilearn import plotting

n_subjects = 4  # subjects to consider for group-sparse covariance (max: 40)


def plot_matrices(cov, prec, title, labels):
    """Plot covariance and precision matrices, for a given processing."""
    prec = prec.copy()  # avoid side effects

    # Put zeros on the diagonal, for graph clarity.
    size = prec.shape[0]
    prec[list(range(size)), list(range(size))] = 0
    span = max(abs(prec.min()), abs(prec.max()))

    # Display covariance matrix
    plotting.plot_matrix(
        cov,
        cmap=plotting.cm.bwr,
        vmin=-1,
        vmax=1,
        title=f"{title} / covariance",
        labels=labels,
    )
    # Display precision matrix
    plotting.plot_matrix(
        prec,
        cmap=plotting.cm.bwr,
        vmin=-span,
        vmax=span,
        title=f"{title} / precision",
        labels=labels,
    )

Fetching datasets#

from nilearn import datasets

msdl_atlas_dataset = datasets.fetch_atlas_msdl()
rest_dataset = datasets.fetch_development_fmri(n_subjects=n_subjects)

# print basic information on the dataset
print(
    f"First subject functional nifti image (4D) is at: {rest_dataset.func[0]}"
)
First subject functional nifti image (4D) is at: /home/himanshu/nilearn_data/development_fmri/development_fmri/sub-pixar123_task-pixar_space-MNI152NLin2009cAsym_desc-preproc_bold.nii.gz

Extracting region signals#

from nilearn.maskers import NiftiMapsMasker

masker = NiftiMapsMasker(
    msdl_atlas_dataset.maps,
    resampling_target="maps",
    detrend=True,
    high_variance_confounds=True,
    low_pass=None,
    high_pass=0.01,
    t_r=2,
    standardize="zscore_sample",
    standardize_confounds="zscore_sample",
    memory="nilearn_cache",
    memory_level=1,
    verbose=2,
)
masker.fit()

subject_time_series = []
func_filenames = rest_dataset.func
confound_filenames = rest_dataset.confounds
for func_filename, confound_filename in zip(
    func_filenames, confound_filenames
):
    print(f"Processing file {func_filename}")

    region_ts = masker.transform(func_filename, confounds=confound_filename)
    subject_time_series.append(region_ts)
[NiftiMapsMasker.fit] loading regions from None
Processing file /home/himanshu/nilearn_data/development_fmri/development_fmri/sub-pixar123_task-pixar_space-MNI152NLin2009cAsym_desc-preproc_bold.nii.gz
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.image.image.high_variance_confounds...
high_variance_confounds('/home/himanshu/nilearn_data/development_fmri/development_fmri/sub-pixar123_task-pixar_space-MNI152NLin2009cAsym_desc-preproc_bold.nii.gz')
__________________________________________high_variance_confounds - 0.8s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker._filter_and_extract...
_filter_and_extract('/home/himanshu/nilearn_data/development_fmri/development_fmri/sub-pixar123_task-pixar_space-MNI152NLin2009cAsym_desc-preproc_bold.nii.gz',
<nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7214c8480e60>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': True,
  'keep_masked_maps': True,
  'low_pass': None,
  'maps_img': '/home/himanshu/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': 'zscore_sample',
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': array([[   4.,    0.,    0.,  -78.],
       [   0.,    4.,    0., -111.],
       [   0.,    0.,    4.,  -51.],
       [   0.,    0.,    0.,    1.]]),
  'target_shape': (40, 48, 35)}, confounds=[ array([[-0.174325, ..., -0.048779],
       ...,
       [-0.044073, ...,  0.155444]]),
  '/home/himanshu/nilearn_data/development_fmri/development_fmri/sub-pixar123_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv'], sample_mask=None, dtype=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=2)
[NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs] Loading data from /home/himanshu/nilearn_data/development_fmri/development_fmri/sub-pixar123_task-pixar_space-MNI152NLin2009cAsym_desc-preproc_bold.nii.gz
[NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs] Resampling images
[NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs] Extracting region signals
[NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 7.5s, 0.1min
Processing file /home/himanshu/nilearn_data/development_fmri/development_fmri/sub-pixar001_task-pixar_space-MNI152NLin2009cAsym_desc-preproc_bold.nii.gz
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.image.image.high_variance_confounds...
high_variance_confounds('/home/himanshu/nilearn_data/development_fmri/development_fmri/sub-pixar001_task-pixar_space-MNI152NLin2009cAsym_desc-preproc_bold.nii.gz')
__________________________________________high_variance_confounds - 1.0s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker._filter_and_extract...
_filter_and_extract('/home/himanshu/nilearn_data/development_fmri/development_fmri/sub-pixar001_task-pixar_space-MNI152NLin2009cAsym_desc-preproc_bold.nii.gz',
<nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7214c43b2420>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': True,
  'keep_masked_maps': True,
  'low_pass': None,
  'maps_img': '/home/himanshu/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': 'zscore_sample',
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': array([[   4.,    0.,    0.,  -78.],
       [   0.,    4.,    0., -111.],
       [   0.,    0.,    4.,  -51.],
       [   0.,    0.,    0.,    1.]]),
  'target_shape': (40, 48, 35)}, confounds=[ array([[-0.151677, ..., -0.057023],
       ...,
       [-0.206928, ...,  0.102714]]),
  '/home/himanshu/nilearn_data/development_fmri/development_fmri/sub-pixar001_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv'], sample_mask=None, dtype=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=2)
[NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs] Loading data from /home/himanshu/nilearn_data/development_fmri/development_fmri/sub-pixar001_task-pixar_space-MNI152NLin2009cAsym_desc-preproc_bold.nii.gz
[NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs] Resampling images
[NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs] Extracting region signals
[NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 7.9s, 0.1min
Processing file /home/himanshu/nilearn_data/development_fmri/development_fmri/sub-pixar002_task-pixar_space-MNI152NLin2009cAsym_desc-preproc_bold.nii.gz
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.image.image.high_variance_confounds...
high_variance_confounds('/home/himanshu/nilearn_data/development_fmri/development_fmri/sub-pixar002_task-pixar_space-MNI152NLin2009cAsym_desc-preproc_bold.nii.gz')
__________________________________________high_variance_confounds - 0.9s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker._filter_and_extract...
_filter_and_extract('/home/himanshu/nilearn_data/development_fmri/development_fmri/sub-pixar002_task-pixar_space-MNI152NLin2009cAsym_desc-preproc_bold.nii.gz',
<nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7214c8bb9640>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': True,
  'keep_masked_maps': True,
  'low_pass': None,
  'maps_img': '/home/himanshu/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': 'zscore_sample',
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': array([[   4.,    0.,    0.,  -78.],
       [   0.,    4.,    0., -111.],
       [   0.,    0.,    4.,  -51.],
       [   0.,    0.,    0.,    1.]]),
  'target_shape': (40, 48, 35)}, confounds=[ array([[ 0.127944, ..., -0.087084],
       ...,
       [-0.015679, ..., -0.02587 ]]),
  '/home/himanshu/nilearn_data/development_fmri/development_fmri/sub-pixar002_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv'], sample_mask=None, dtype=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=2)
[NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs] Loading data from /home/himanshu/nilearn_data/development_fmri/development_fmri/sub-pixar002_task-pixar_space-MNI152NLin2009cAsym_desc-preproc_bold.nii.gz
[NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs] Resampling images
[NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs] Extracting region signals
[NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 7.8s, 0.1min
Processing file /home/himanshu/nilearn_data/development_fmri/development_fmri/sub-pixar003_task-pixar_space-MNI152NLin2009cAsym_desc-preproc_bold.nii.gz
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.image.image.high_variance_confounds...
high_variance_confounds('/home/himanshu/nilearn_data/development_fmri/development_fmri/sub-pixar003_task-pixar_space-MNI152NLin2009cAsym_desc-preproc_bold.nii.gz')
__________________________________________high_variance_confounds - 0.8s, 0.0min
________________________________________________________________________________
[Memory] Calling nilearn.maskers.base_masker._filter_and_extract...
_filter_and_extract('/home/himanshu/nilearn_data/development_fmri/development_fmri/sub-pixar003_task-pixar_space-MNI152NLin2009cAsym_desc-preproc_bold.nii.gz',
<nilearn.maskers.nifti_maps_masker._ExtractionFunctor object at 0x7214e186d310>, { 'allow_overlap': True,
  'clean_kwargs': {},
  'detrend': True,
  'dtype': None,
  'high_pass': 0.01,
  'high_variance_confounds': True,
  'keep_masked_maps': True,
  'low_pass': None,
  'maps_img': '/home/himanshu/nilearn_data/msdl_atlas/MSDL_rois/msdl_rois.nii',
  'mask_img': None,
  'reports': True,
  'smoothing_fwhm': None,
  'standardize': 'zscore_sample',
  'standardize_confounds': 'zscore_sample',
  't_r': 2,
  'target_affine': array([[   4.,    0.,    0.,  -78.],
       [   0.,    4.,    0., -111.],
       [   0.,    0.,    4.,  -51.],
       [   0.,    0.,    0.,    1.]]),
  'target_shape': (40, 48, 35)}, confounds=[ array([[-0.089762, ..., -0.062316],
       ...,
       [-0.065223, ..., -0.022868]]),
  '/home/himanshu/nilearn_data/development_fmri/development_fmri/sub-pixar003_task-pixar_desc-reducedConfounds_regressors.tsv'], sample_mask=None, dtype=None, memory=Memory(location=nilearn_cache/joblib), memory_level=1, verbose=2)
[NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs] Loading data from /home/himanshu/nilearn_data/development_fmri/development_fmri/sub-pixar003_task-pixar_space-MNI152NLin2009cAsym_desc-preproc_bold.nii.gz
[NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs] Resampling images
[NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs] Extracting region signals
[NiftiMapsMasker.transform_single_imgs] Cleaning extracted signals
_______________________________________________filter_and_extract - 7.8s, 0.1min

Computing group-sparse precision matrices#

from nilearn.connectome import GroupSparseCovarianceCV

gsc = GroupSparseCovarianceCV(verbose=2)
gsc.fit(subject_time_series)


from sklearn.covariance import GraphicalLassoCV

gl = GraphicalLassoCV(verbose=2)
gl.fit(np.concatenate(subject_time_series))
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 2
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 7
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 0
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 2
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 0
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 2
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 0
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 1
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 1
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 0
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 2
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 6
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 0
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] [GroupSparseCovarianceCV] Done refinement  0 out of 4
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 3
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 6
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 1
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 0
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 4
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 0
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 3
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 0
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 0
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 3
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 6
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 0
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] [GroupSparseCovarianceCV] Done refinement  1 out of 4
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 5
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 1
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 1
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 9
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 10
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 0
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 5
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 0
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] [GroupSparseCovarianceCV] Done refinement  2 out of 4
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 6
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 1
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 1
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 11
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 11
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 5
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 0
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Log-likelihood on test set is decreasing. Stopping at iteration 0
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] [GroupSparseCovarianceCV] Done refinement  3 out of 4
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] Final optimization
[GroupSparseCovarianceCV.fit] tolerance reached at iteration number 19: 8.841e-04
....................[GraphicalLassoCV] Done refinement  1 out of 4:   0s
....................[GraphicalLassoCV] Done refinement  2 out of 4:   1s
....................[GraphicalLassoCV] Done refinement  3 out of 4:   3s
....................[GraphicalLassoCV] Done refinement  4 out of 4:   4s
[graphical_lasso] Iteration   0, cost  1.68e+02, dual gap 1.123e+00
[graphical_lasso] Iteration   1, cost  1.68e+02, dual gap -1.664e-03
[graphical_lasso] Iteration   2, cost  1.68e+02, dual gap 1.158e-04
[graphical_lasso] Iteration   3, cost  1.68e+02, dual gap 1.389e-04
[graphical_lasso] Iteration   4, cost  1.68e+02, dual gap 1.530e-04
[graphical_lasso] Iteration   5, cost  1.68e+02, dual gap 1.318e-04
[graphical_lasso] Iteration   6, cost  1.68e+02, dual gap 6.844e-05
GraphicalLassoCV(verbose=2)
In a Jupyter environment, please rerun this cell to show the HTML representation or trust the notebook.
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Displaying results#

atlas_img = msdl_atlas_dataset.maps
atlas_region_coords = plotting.find_probabilistic_atlas_cut_coords(atlas_img)
labels = msdl_atlas_dataset.labels

plotting.plot_connectome(
    gl.covariance_,
    atlas_region_coords,
    edge_threshold="90%",
    title="Covariance",
    display_mode="lzr",
)
plotting.plot_connectome(
    -gl.precision_,
    atlas_region_coords,
    edge_threshold="90%",
    title="Sparse inverse covariance (GraphicalLasso)",
    display_mode="lzr",
    edge_vmax=0.5,
    edge_vmin=-0.5,
)
plot_matrices(gl.covariance_, gl.precision_, "GraphicalLasso", labels)

title = "GroupSparseCovariance"
plotting.plot_connectome(
    -gsc.precisions_[..., 0],
    atlas_region_coords,
    edge_threshold="90%",
    title=title,
    display_mode="lzr",
    edge_vmax=0.5,
    edge_vmin=-0.5,
)
plot_matrices(gsc.covariances_[..., 0], gsc.precisions_[..., 0], title, labels)

plotting.show()
  • plot multi subject connectome
  • plot multi subject connectome
  • GraphicalLasso / covariance
  • GraphicalLasso / precision
  • plot multi subject connectome
  • GroupSparseCovariance / covariance
  • GroupSparseCovariance / precision

Total running time of the script: (1 minutes 42.143 seconds)

Estimated memory usage: 572 MB

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